Development HINDU CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS-Buddhism

A. Hindu

Hindu born in India together with the advent of the nation Arya (Indo German), which enter through the slit Keyber (Keyber Pass) around 1500 BC.
Arya kemasyarakatannya in the nation in several community groups or caste groups. Among them are:
1. Brahmana caste → The Priest
2. Caste knight → King and noble
3. Traders Waisya → caste and middle-Labor
4. Sudra caste → laborers and small farmers
5. Pariah → poor, vagrant, and the exile

B. Buddhism

Buddhism was born in India. Religion is based on Buddhist teachings Sidharta Gautama Buddha, which means the person who got enlightenment. Sidharta living between 566-483 BC.
The essence of the teachings of Buddha is Aryasatyani and Pratiyasamutpada. Aryasatyani main truth is that it consists of 4, namely:
1. Life is suffering
2. Suffering is caused by trsna or blood thirsty akan
3. Suffering can be terminated with the suppress trsna
4. Trsna can tindas through 8 on the main road called hastaaryamarga or astavida

Pratiyasamutpada is the result of a series of chain (kausalitas). There are 12 due to the chain as a result of the act. The entire chain is inter-related with one another.

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SIGN IN PROCESS AND growing influence HINDU-Buddha IN INDONESIA

THEORY OF THE HINDU entrance to the Buddha-INDONESIA

1. Brahmana theory (J. C. Van Leur)
2. Tournament theory (F.D.K Bosch)
3. Theory Waisya (N.J chrome)
4. Theory Sudra (Van Von Faber)
5. Back Flow Theory (George Coedes)


IMPACT OF HINDU-development of Buddhism in Indonesia

1. Field of Politics and Government
2. Economics
3. Field of Architecture and Arts Building
4. Field of Religion
5. Field of Art
6. Field of Language and Writing
7. Field of Social Society

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Kingdom of Kutai

Kutai Martadipura figured is the oldest Hindu kingdom in the archipelago and throughout Southeast Asia. Kingdom is located in Muara Kaman, East Kalimantan, precisely in the Mahakam river upstream. Kutai name was taken from place names found inscription that describes the kingdom is. Kutai name given by the experts because there is no inscription which clearly mention the name of this kingdom. Because of the very little information can be obtained due to the lack of historical sources.

History obtained from the kingdom of this information is from Yupa / Tugu in ritual sacrifice that came from the 4th century. There are seven yupa become the main source for experts in the history of the Kingdom of Kutai. From one of yupa is known that the king who ruled the kingdom of Kutai that time is Mulawarman. Yupa his name recorded in 1000 because kedermawanannya menyedekahkan oxtail to the Brahmin.

Tentram people and circumstances at the time of peace be governed by the king Mulawarman.
Kutai kingdom ended when King Kutai named Maharaja Setia Dharma killed in battle in the hands of the King of Kutai Kartanegara to-13, Aji Anum Prince Panji Mendapa. Please note that this Kutai (Kutai Martadipura) different from the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara the capital was first located in the Kutai Lama (Tanjung Kute). Kutai Kartanegara this is, in the year 1365, mentioned in the literature Java Negarakertagama. Kutai Kartanegara next be called the Islamic kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara.

Kings of the Kingdom of Kutai
1. Kaiser Kudungga
2. Kaiser Asmawarman
3. Maharaja Sri Aswawarman
4. Kaiser Marawijaya Warman
5. Kaiser Gajayana Warman
6. Kaiser Tungga Warman
7. Kaiser Jayanaga Warman
8. Kaiser Nalasinga Warman
9. Nala Maharaja Tungga Parana
10. Maharaja Dewa Gadingga Warman
11. Maharaja Dewa Indra Warman
12. Maharaja Dewa prop Warman
13. Kaiser Candrawarman
14. Dewa Maharaja Sri Lanka
15. The Maharaja Dewa Parana
16. Kaiser Wijaya Warman
17. Sri Maharaja Dewa Aji
18. Putera Maharaja Mulia
19. Nala Maharaja Pandita
20. Maharaja Dewa Indra Paruta
21. Maharaja Setia Dharma

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Kingdom of Tarumanegara

Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom is a kingdom that once in power in the west Java in the 4th century to century-7 M. Taruma is one of the oldest kingdom in Indonesia that left the note history. In a note of history and heritage artefacts in the vicinity of the location of the kingdom, seen at the time that the Kingdom is Taruma beraliran Vishnu Hindu kingdom.
History as the source of which is the inscription:

1. Kebon Kopi inscription, made around 400 M (H Kern 1917), found in coffee plantations owned by Jonathan Rig, ciampea, Bogor

2. Tugu inscription, found in Kampung Batutumbu, Tugu village, District Tarumajaya, Kabupaten Bekasi, now stored in museums in Jakarta. Inscription to explain the contents Candrabaga River by digging and digging Rajadirajaguru by Purnawarman Gomati River in the 22-year period pemerintahannya.Penggalian rivers idea is to avoid natural disasters such as floods that often occur during the Purnawarman government, and the drought that occurred during the dry season.

3. Cidanghiyang inscription or Prasasti Munjul, found in the flow of Cidanghiang River that flows in the Village of Lebak, District Munjul, Pandeglang regency, Banten, panegyric to King Purnawarman.

4. Ciaruteun inscription, ciampea, Bogor

5. Estuary Cianten inscription, ciampea, Bogor

6. Cashew inscription, Nanggung, Bogor

7. Inscription Pasir Awi, Citeureup, Bogor

Kings Tarumanagara the manuscript Wangsakerta
Kings Tarumanegara
No period of the King
1 Jayasingawarman
358-382

2 Dharmayawarman
382-395

3 Purnawarman
395-434

4 Wisnuwarman
434-455

5 Indrawarman
455-515

6 Candrawarman
515-535

7 Suryawarman
535-561

8 Kertawarman
561-628

9 Sudhawarman
628-639

10 Hariwangsawarman
639-640

11 Nagajayawarman
640-666

12 Linggawarman
666-669

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Kingdom of Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya is the ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra that have a lot of islands in the archipelago. Preliminary evidence about the existence of the kingdom come from this century-7, a Chinese pastor, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Sriwijaya 671 years for 6 months. Inscription on the first Sriwijaya also be at the century-7, namely Bukit Prasasti Kedukan in Palembang, Sumatra, in the year 683. Kingdom began this fall in the year 1200 and 1300 due to various factors, including the expansion of the kingdom of Majapahit. In Sanskrit, sri means "luminous" and the victory means "victory".

Here are some of the history associated with the Sriwijaya:
Speak Sanskrit or Tamil
- Prasasti Ligor in Thailand
- Prasasti Cantonese in Cantonese
- Prasasti Siwagraha
- Prasasti Nalanda in India
- Charter Leiden in India
- Prasasti Tanjor
- Charter Grahi
- Padang Prasasti Roco
- Prasasti Sri Lanka

Chinese news sources
- Chronicles from the Tang Dynasty
- Chronicles Sung Dynasty
- Chronicles Ming Dynasty
- I Travel chronicles Tsing
- Chronicles Chu-fan-chi by Chau Ju-KUA
- Chronicles by Lio Tao Chih Wang Yan Ta
- Chronicles Ling-wai Tai-ta by Chou Ku Fei
- Chronicles Ying-Yai Sheng-lan by Ma huan

Ancient inscription in Malay
- Prasasti Kedukan Hill on 16 June 682 BC in Palembang
- Talang Prasasti tuo dated 23 March 684 BC in Palembang
- Prasasti Telaga Batu 7-th century BC in Palembang
- Prasasti Palas Pasemah century BC-7 in South Lampung
- Prasasti Coral Brahi century BC to the 7-in Jambi
- City Prasasti Lime on February 28 in 686 BC P. Bangka
- Prasasti Sojomerto century BC to the 7-in Batang regency, Central Java

Golden period
After the disruption of trade occurred in Cantonese between 820 - 850, Jambi government declares itself as the independent kingdom by sending envoys to China in the year 853 and 871. Independence coincided with the Jambi dirampasnya throne Sriwijaya in Java with diusirnya king Balaputradewa. In the year 902, the new king to send tribute to China. Two years later, the last king of dynasty Tang envoy to confer the title of Sriwijaya.

In the first half-century to 10, between the fall of Tang Dynasty Song Dynasty and the rise, trade with foreign enough popularity, especially Fujian, the kingdom of Min and the country's rich Guangdong, the kingdom of Nan Han. Sriwijaya no doubt benefit from this trade. In the year 903, Muslim author Ibn Batutah very impressed with the prosperity Sriwijaya. Urban areas include the kingdom of Palembang (especially Hill Seguntang), Muara Jambi and Kedah.

Decrease
Year 1025, rajendra Chola, Chola king of Koromandel, southern India conquered Kedah from Sriwijaya and menguasainya. Chola kingdom penaklukannya forward and attack for 20 years overlooks Sriwijaya empire. Although the Chola invasion is not entirely successful, but the invasion has weakened the hegemony Sriwijaya terlepasnya the result of some form with the kingdom itself, like Kediri, a kingdom based on agriculture.

King who ruled
• Jayanasa (inscription Kedukan Hill, 683, and tuo Talang inscription, 684)
• Indravarman (China source, 704-716, 724)
• Rudra vikraman or Lieou-t'eng-kong-Wei (Chinese source, 728)
• Dharmasetu (inscription Ligor, 775)
• Sangramadhananjaya or Vishnu (Arabic text, 790)
Samaratunga • (792)
• Maharaja (Arabic source, 851)
• Balaputra (Nalanda inscription, 860)
• Sri Uda Haridana or cri Udayadityavarman (Chinese source, 960)
• Sri Wuja or cri Udayadityan (Chinese source, 962)
• Hia-Tche (Chinese source, 980)
• Culamani varmadevan (source China, 988, 1003; or Tanjore inscription inscription Leiden, 1044)
• Maravijaya tungan or Maraviyayatungavarman (source China, 1008; inscription Leiden, 1044)
• Sumatrabhumi (source China, 1017)
• Sri Sangrama vijayatungan or cri Sangarama vijayatungavarman (Chola inscription, 1025)
• Sri Deva (of China, 1028)
• Dharmaviran
• Sri Maharaja (of China, 1156)
• Trailorajan (source China, 1178)
• Maulibhusana Varmadevan (bronze Buddha Chaiya, 1183)

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Kingdom of Mataram

Kingdom of Mataram, which refers to a regional capital of this kingdom. Sometimes to distinguish it with the Islamic kingdom of Mataram, which was established in 16-century, the Kingdom of the Central Java Medang usual also called with the name or the Ancient Kingdom of Mataram Hindu Kingdom of Mataram.

Start up the kingdom of this adalahPrasasti Mantyasih year 907 in the name of Dyah Balitung mention clearly that the first king of the Kingdom of Medang (Rahyang ta rumuhun ri ri Medang Poh Pitu) Rakai Mataram is the Queen of Sanjaya.

Sanjaya own inscription Canggal issued 732 years, but does not mention clearly what the name of his kingdom. He only proclaim the existence of another king who ruled before the island itself, named Sanna. Sepeninggal Sanna, countries become garbled. Sanjaya and appear to be the king, the support of her mother, namely Sannaha sister Sanna.

Sanna name is not in the list of the kings version inscription Mantyasih. So he could not the king of the Kingdom of Medang. Most likely similar to the history Sanjaya Raden Wijaya (founder of the Kingdom of Majapahit end 13th century) that claim to the throne as the successor Kertanagara king Singhasari, but ruled a kingdom of a new and different.

Sanjaya life story of the length is in the new Carita Parahyangan written hundreds of years after his death, at around 16-th century.

In general, the historians have mentioned that three powerful dynasty in the Kingdom of Medang, namely Sailendra Sanjaya and Sailendra Sailendra period in Central Java, and Sailendra Isana East Java in the period.

The kings of Mataram is

1. Sanjaya, the founder of the Kingdom of Medang
2. Rakai Panangkaran, early berkuasanya Sailendra Sailendra
3. Rakai Panunggalan alias Dharanindra
4. Rakai Warak alias Samaragrawira
5. Rakai Garung alias Samaratungga
6. Rakai lure Pramodawardhani husband, Sailendra initial rise of Sanjaya
7. Rakai Kayuwangi alias Dyah Lokapala
8. Rakai Watuhumalang
9. Rakai Watukura Dyah Balitung
10. Mpu skilled
11. Rakai Researcher Dyah Tulodong
12. Rakai Sumba Dyah wawa
13. Mpu Sindok, the early period of East Java
14. Sri Sri Lokapala husband Isanatunggawijaya
15. Makuthawangsawardhana
16. Dharmawangsa Teguh, the Kingdom of Medang ends
In the list above only Sanjaya is wearing the title of Queen, while the kings after all the title of Sri Maharaja.

The situation of the population is Medang Mataram Bhumi since the period until the period in general Wwatan work as farmers. Medang Kingdom is renowned as agrarian country, while saingannya, namely the Kingdom of Sriwijaya was maritime countries.

Medang official religion in the Kingdom of the Hindu Sanjaya is the flow of Siwa. When Sailendrawangsa power, the official religion become the kingdoms changed the flow of Mahayana Buddhism. Then at the Rakai lure of power Sanjayawangsa, Hindu and Buddhist live side by side with tolerance.

Mahapralaya is the destruction Medang palace in the East Java-based news in the inscription Pucangan. Year of the occurrence of events can not be read so clearly shown in two versions. Some historians call the Kingdom of Medang collapse in the year 1006, while the other mentions last year 1016.Raja Medang is Dharmawangsa Teguh, great-great Sindok MPU. Chinese chronicles from the Sung Dynasty was recorded several times Dharmawangsa send troops to storm the capital of Sriwijaya since he ascended the throne 991 years. Hostility between Java and Sumatra during the heat itu.Pada year 1006 (or 1016) Dharmawangsa unguarded. When he daughter's wedding feast, the castle Medang Wwatan diserbu by Aji Wurawari from Lwaram estimated Sriwijaya Kingdom as partners. In these events, Dharmawangsa tewas.Tiga years later, a prince-breed Java-Bali Mahapralaya who escaped from the building appear as a continuation of the new kingdom of the Kingdom of Medang. Prince was named Airlangga who confessed that his mother is a descendant of MPU Sindok. Kingdom dirikan then he called the common name of the Kingdom of Kahuripan.

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Kingdom of Kediri

Kadiri Kingdom or the Kingdom of Panjalu, is a kingdom located in East Java, between the years 1042-1222. This is the kingdom of Daha in the city, which is located in the vicinity of Kota Kediri now.

Art literature much attention at the time of the Kingdom of Panjalu-Kadiri. In the year 1157 Kakawin Bharatayuddha written by mpu mpu Sedah and completed Panuluh. Book is from the Mahabharata which contains Pandawa victory over Korawa, as a metaphorical victory over Sri Jayabhaya Janggala.

In addition, the MPU Panuluh also write Kakawin Hariwangsa and Ghatotkachasraya. There is also a poet of the age of Sri Kameswara called MPU Dharmaja the writing Kakawin Smaradahana. Then, at the time of the government there is a poet named Kertajaya Monaguna the MPU and MPU Sumanasantaka writing Triguna writing Kresnayana.

Kadiri Kingdom Panjalu-collapse in the government Kertajaya, and dikisahkan in Pararaton and Nagarakretagama.
In the year 1222 are Kertajaya dissent against the Brahmin and the requests of Ken Arok akuwu Tumapel. Accidental Ken Arok also aspire manumit Tumapel which is subordinate to the Kadiri.
The war between the Kadiri and Tumapel occurred near the village Ganter. Ken Arok army troops succeeded in destroying Kertajaya. Thus berakhirlah the Kadiri Kingdom, which since that time and then become subordinate Tumapel or Singhasari.

Kings Kadiri is
• Sri Samarawijaya, is the son Airlangga who found his name in the inscription Pamwatan (1042).
• Sri Jayawarsa, based on the inscription Keting titled: Sirah (1104). Not known with certainty whether it is the direct successor of Sri Samarawijaya or not.
• Sri Bameswara, based on the inscription Padelegan I (1117), inscription Panumbangan (1120), and the inscription Tangkilan (1130).
• Sri Jayabhaya, is the largest king Panjalu, based on the inscription Ngantang (1135), talan inscription (1136), and Kakawin Bharatayuddha (1157).
• Sri Sarweswara, based on the inscription Padelegan II (1159) and the inscription Kahyunan (1161).
• Sri Aryeswara, based on the inscription Wind (1171).
• Sri Gandra, based on the net inscription (1181).
• Sri Kameswara, based on the inscription foot (1182) and Kakawin Smaradahana.
• Kertajaya, based on the inscription Galunggung (1194), Prasasti Kamulan (1194), Palah inscription (1197), Wates Kulon inscription (1205), Nagarakretagama, and Pararaton.

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